소재

Amethyst· 紫水晶 Gem of Dionysus

Amethyst (English Amethyst, Greek amethystos, Latin Amethystus) is the gem of Dionysus of the decisive canon — derived from the Greek 'amethystos (a- not + methysko to be drunk)' meaning 'not drunk' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the violet variety of quartz (quartz, SiO2) — also the decisive canon of protection from drunkenness in Greco-Roman tradition. Aliases — Amethyst (Amethyst), Amethystos (Amethystos, Greek), Gem of Dionysus, Gem of Bacchus, Not-Drunk One, Gem of the Papal Ring, Birthstone of February — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive origin canon of Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 verse 121 of the 1st century — 'The name of amethyst comes from the fact that its color approaches that of wine but stops just before turning purple', and the decisive canon of 'protection from drink'.

Cold Iron· 寒鐵 Bane of the fae

Cold Iron (English Cold Iron, Latin ferrum frigidum) is the nemesis of fairies of the decisive canon — derived from English 'Cold Iron (cold iron)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of the weakness of fairies (faeries) in medieval British folklore — and the decisive canon of Kipling's poem 'Cold Iron' of 1910. Aliases — Cold Iron (Cold Iron), ferrum frigidum (Latin), han-cheol (Hanja, 'cold iron'), nemesis of fairies, weakness of faeries — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Kipling canon is the decisive canon of the poem 'Cold Iron' in Rudyard Kipling's (Rudyard Kipling) poetry collection Rewards and Fairies (Rewards and Fairies) of 1910 — 'Cold Iron is master of them all'. The decisive Shakespeare canon is the decisive canon of fairies and iron in Shakespeare's (Shakespeare) A Midsummer Night's Dream of 1595.

Mithril · True Silver — A Legendary Metal Light as a Feather, Harder Than Steel

Mithril (English Mithril, Sindarin mith + ril) is the true-silver (true-silver) of the decisive canon — feather-light, harder than steel, the legendary metal — derived from Sindarin 'mith (grey)' and 'ril (brilliance)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of J.R.R. Tolkien's coinage. Aliases — Mithril (Mithril), true-silver, Moria-silver, true silver, grey brilliance — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Tolkien canon is the decisive canon of the English J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (The Lord of the Rings) of 1954-1955. The decisive Moria canon is the decisive canon of the mines of Khazad-dûm (Khazad-dûm, Moria). The decisive Frodo canon is the decisive canon of Bilbo's mithril coat.

Mercury· Hg Liquid metal, the element of Hermes

Mercury (English Mercury, Latin hydrargyrum, Greek hydrárgyros) is the liquid metal of the decisive canon and the element of Hermes (Mercury) — derived from Greek 'hydrárgyros (ὑδράργυρος, water-silver, hýdōr 'water' + árgyros 'silver')' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive metallic canon of element 80 (Hg) — and the decisive canon as the only liquid metal at room temperature. Aliases — Mercury (Mercury, name of the god), hydrárgyros (Greek), hydrargyrum (Latin), quicksilver, liquid metal, element of spirit in alchemy — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'hydrargyrum is silver that flows like water' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 33 chapters 99-100 of the 1st century. The decisive Qin Shi Huang canon is the decisive canon of the mercury river in Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum in Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian (Shiji) of c. 210 BCE.

Electrum· 琥珀金 Natural gold-silver alloy

Electrum (English Electrum, Greek ēlektron) is the natural gold-silver alloy of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'ēlektron (amber)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the natural alloy of gold (Au) and silver (Ag) (typically 70-80% gold + 20-30% silver + trace copper) — and the decisive monetary canon of humanity's first coinage of the Lydian Kingdom of the 7th century BCE. Aliases — Electrum (Electrum), ēlektron (ēlektron), green gold, silver-gold (silver-gold), gold-silver alloy — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive monetary origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the electrum coinage of Sardis (Sardis) of the Lydian (Lydia) Kingdom of Asia Minor of the 7th century BCE — the decisive canon of humanity's first minted coinage. The decisive historical canon is the decisive canon of the electrum coinage of Lydia in Herodotus's (Herodotus, 484-425 BCE) Histories (Histories) Book 1 verse 94 of the 5th century BCE. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of electrum in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 33 verse 80 of the 1st century.

Pearl· 眞珠 Tears of the sea

Pearl (English Pearl, Greek margaritēs, Latin margarita, Sanskrit muktā) is the gem of the sea's tears of the decisive canon — derived from Sanskrit 'muktā (liberated, gem)' and Greek 'margaritēs' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the calcium carbonate nacre layer of a mollusc — and the decisive canon of being the only organic gem. Aliases — Pearl (Pearl), margarita (margarita, Latin), muktā (muktā, Sanskrit), tears of the sea, queen of gems, birthstone of June — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'pearl is the most valuable of all gems' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 9 chapters 106-123 of the 1st century. The decisive Cleopatra canon is the decisive canon of Cleopatra (Cleopatra) dissolving her pearl earring in vinegar during her wager with Mark Antony in 41 BCE — recorded in Pliny's Natural History Book 9 chapter 121. The decisive Matthew canon is the decisive canon of the 'parable of the pearl' in Matthew 13:45-46.

Meteoric Iron· 隕鐵 Steel that fell from the sky

Meteoric Iron (English Meteoric Iron, Latin ferrum caeleste, Sumerian AN.BAR) is the steel fallen from heaven of the decisive canon — the decisive mineralogical canon of the natural alloy of iron (Fe) and nickel (Ni) (typically 6-10% nickel) extracted from meteorites — and the decisive meteoric iron canon of Tutankhamun's dagger of c. 1323 BCE. Aliases — Meteoric Iron (Meteoric Iron), ferrum caeleste (ferrum caeleste, 'iron of heaven'), AN.BAR (AN.BAR, Sumerian 'iron of heaven'), bia-n-pet (bia-n-pet, Egyptian 'iron of heaven'), thokcha (thokcha, Tibetan meteoric iron amulet) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive origin canon is the decisive canon of the 9 meteoric iron beads from the Gerzeh (Gerzeh) tomb of Egypt of c. 3500 BCE (discovered 1911, confirmed as meteoric iron by X-ray analysis in 2013). The decisive Tutankhamun canon is the decisive canon of the dagger with a golden hilt from the tomb (KV62) of the 18th Dynasty Pharaoh Tutankhamun of c. 1323 BCE — confirmed as meteoric iron by X-ray fluorescence analysis in 2016. The decisive Widmanstätten canon is the decisive canon of the Widmanstätten pattern discovered by the Austrian Alois von Beckh Widmanstätten (1754-1849) in 1808.

Iron· Fe Core metal of human civilization

Iron (English Iron, Latin ferrum, Greek sídēros) is the core metal of human civilization of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'ferrum (iron)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive metallic canon of element 26 (Fe) — and the decisive canon of the 4th most abundant element made in stars. Aliases — Iron (Iron), ferrum (Latin), sídēros (Greek), Hesiod's Iron Age, core of human civilization, metal of the god of war — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'iron (ferrum) is the most useful and the worst metal' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 34 chapters 138-153 of the 1st century. The decisive Hesiod canon is the decisive canon of the Iron Age of the Five Ages in the Greek Hesiod's Works and Days of the 8th century BCE. The decisive Hittite canon is the decisive canon of the Iron Age of the Hittites of c. 1200 BCE.

Gold· Au The radiant metal of myth

Gold (English Gold, Latin aurum, Greek khrysós, Sanskrit hiraṇya) is the metal of the sun of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'aurum (shining dawn)' and Greek 'khrysós (χρυσός, gold)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive metallic canon of element 79 (Au) — and the decisive canon of incorruptible eternity. Aliases — Gold (Gold), aurum (Latin), khrysós (Greek), hiraṇya (Sanskrit), metal of the sun, flesh of the gods, metal of kings — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Hesiod canon is the decisive canon of the first of the Five Ages of humanity, the Golden Age, in Hesiod's (Hesiod) Works and Days (Works and Days) lines 109-126 of c. 700 BCE. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of gold in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 33 of the 1st century. The decisive Golden Fleece canon is the decisive canon of Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica (Argonautica) of the 3rd century BCE.

Carbuncle· 紅榴石 Glowing fantasy gem

Carbuncle (English Carbuncle, Latin carbunculus, Spanish carbunclo) is the gem of luminous fantasy of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'carbunculus (small coal)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of red gems (ruby, garnet, spinel) — and the decisive canon of the mythical beast bearing a gem on its forehead in medieval fantasy literature. Aliases — Carbuncle (Carbuncle), carbunculus (carbunculus, Latin), carbunclo (carbunclo, Spanish), beast of the forehead gem, red stone, fire garnet — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive canon of 'carbunculus is the stone of the light of fire' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 92-95 of the 1st century. The decisive Borges canon is the decisive canon of the carbunclo in Jorge Luis Borges's (Jorge Luis Borges) Book of Imaginary Beings (El libro de los seres imaginarios) of 1957.

Lead· Pb Metal of Saturn

Lead (English Lead, Latin plumbum, Greek mólybdos) is the metal of Saturn (Saturn) of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'plumbum (lead)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive metallic canon of element 82 (Pb) — and the decisive canon as the metal of Saturn (god of time) and Saturn (planet) among the seven ancient metals. Aliases — Lead (Lead), plumbum (plumbum, Latin), mólybdos (mólybdos, Greek), metal of Saturn, primal matter of alchemy, dark metal — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'plumbum nigrum (dark lead, lead) and plumbum candidum (white lead, tin)' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 34 chapters 156-164 of the 1st century. The decisive seven metals canon is the decisive canon of the correspondence of the Hellenistic seven metals (gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, mercury, lead) and the seven planets (sun, moon, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Mercury, Saturn).

Damascus Steel · The Lost Steel That Forges Watered Blades

Damascus Steel (English Damascus Steel, Arabic fūlādh dimashqī, Sanskrit wootz) is the lost steel of legendary blades with watery damask patterns of the decisive canon — derived from the name of the Syrian Damascus (Damascus) and English 'damask (wave-pattern)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of the Indian wootz (wootz) steel ingot. Aliases — Damascus Steel (Damascus Steel), wootz (Sanskrit), fūlādh dimashqī (Arabic), crucible steel, watery steel, damask pattern — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive wootz canon is the decisive canon of the Indian wootz steel (wootz steel) of the 3rd century BCE. The decisive Damascus canon is the decisive canon of the forging in Damascus of Syria of the 3rd-17th centuries. The decisive Crusader canon is the decisive canon of the fear of Damascus steel of the Crusaders of the 11th-13th centuries.

Adamantine · The Unbreakable Black Metal of Ultimate Strength

Adamantine (English Adamantine, Latin adamas, Greek adámas) is the absolutely unbreakable black strongest metal of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'adámas (ἀδάμας adámas, unconquerable, untamable, a- 'not' + damān 'to tame')' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of Hesiod's Theogony. Aliases — Adamantine (Adamantine), Adamant, adamas (Latin/Greek), adamantium (Marvel), the unconquerable — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Hesiod canon is the decisive canon of Kronos's adamantine sickle in Hesiod's Theogony (Theogonia) lines 161-167 of the 8th century BCE. The decisive Homer canon is the decisive canon of the Iliad of the 8th century BCE. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'adamas is the hardest substance' in Pliny the Elder's Natural History Book 37 chapters 55-61 of the 1st century. The decisive D&D canon is the decisive canon of adamantine in Dungeons & Dragons of 1974.

Orichalcum · The Lost Mystic Metal of Atlantis

Orichalcum (English Orichalcum, Latin orichalcum, Greek oreíkhalkos) is the lost mythical metal of Atlantis of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'oreíkhalkos (ὀρείχαλκος oreíkhalkos, mountain copper, óros 'mountain' + chalkós 'copper')' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of Plato's Critias. Aliases — Orichalcum (Orichalcum), oreíkhalkos (Greek), metal of Atlantis, mountain copper, red gold — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Plato canon is the decisive canon of the temple of Atlantis in the Greek Plato's Critias (Critias) 114e-116c, 119c of the 4th century BCE. The decisive Homeric Hymn canon is the decisive canon of Aphrodite in the Homeric Hymn (Homeric Hymn) of the 7th century BCE. The decisive Sicily canon is the decisive canon of the discovery of 39 orichalcum ingots from a shipwreck off Gela of Sicily in 2015.

Copper· Cu Metal of Venus

Copper (English Copper, Latin cuprum, Greek χαλκός khalkos) is the metal of Venus/Aphrodite of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'aes Cyprium (metal of Cyprus)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the chemical element Cu — and the decisive metallurgical canon of being humanity's first smelted metal of c. 8000 BCE, and the decisive canon of being the main material of bronze (copper + tin). Aliases — Copper (Copper), aes Cyprium (aes Cyprium), cuprum (cuprum), Venus's metal, Aphrodite's metal, alchemical symbol of Venus (♀) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive metallurgical origin canon is the decisive origin canon of copper smelting at Çayönü Tepesi (Çayönü Tepesi) in Turkey of c. 8000 BCE, and the decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of the Cyprus copper in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 34 verse 94 of the 1st century. The decisive Bronze Age canon is the decisive canon of the Bronze Age (Bronze Age) of 3300-1200 BCE.

Sapphire· 靑玉 Gem of the heavens

Sapphire (English Sapphire, Latin Sapphirus, Hebrew Sappir) is the gem of the heavens of the decisive canon — the decisive canonical iconographic figure of the four cardinal gems (Diamond, Ruby, Emerald, Sapphire) — the decisive mineralogical canon of the blue variety of corundum (corundum, Al2O3) — also the decisive canon of the throne of God in the Bible. Aliases — Sapphire (Sapphire), Sapphirus (Sapphirus, Latin), Sappir (Sappir, Hebrew), Gem of the Heavens, Gem of the Seal of Solomon — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive biblical canon is the decisive origin canon of the pavement of sapphire (sappir) under God's feet seen by Moses on Mount Sinai in Exodus 24:10 of c. 13th century BCE, and the decisive canon of the sapphire among the twelve gems of the high priest's breastplate in 28:18. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of sapphirus (sapphirus) in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 of the 1st century.

Silver· Ag Metal of the moon and the soul

Silver (English Silver, Latin Argentum, Chinese ) is one of the seven metals of human history — the decisive canon — and the decisive canonical iconographic figure of the 'metal of the moon' — established as the weakness of werewolves and vampires in fantasy canon — also the metal of sacred purification and the standard of currency. Aliases — Silver (Silver), Argentum (Argentum, Latin), argyros (argyros, Greek), Metal of Selene, Tears of the Moon — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive origin canon is the decisive origin canon of silver mining in Mesopotamia and Anatolia of c. 3000 BCE, the electrum coinage of Lydia of the 6th century BCE, and subsequent silver coinage. The decisive weakness canon is the decisive origin canon of killing a werewolf with a silver bullet at the Beast of Gevaudan (Bete du Gevaudan) incident in France in 1764, and the decisive global film canon of the silver-headed cane in the film The Wolf Man (1941) by USA Universal Pictures (director George Waggner, starring Lon Chaney Jr.).

Bronze· 靑銅 The first alloy of humanity

Bronze (English Bronze, Latin aes, Greek khalkós) is humanity's first alloy of the decisive canon — the decisive metallurgical canon of the alloy of copper (Cu) and tin (Sn) (typically about 10% tin) — and the decisive canon of the beginning of the Bronze Age around 3300 BCE. Aliases — Bronze (Bronze), aes (aes, Latin), khalkós (khalkós, Greek), Age of War, Hesiod's Bronze Age — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive origin canon is the decisive canon of the beginning of the Bronze Age in Sumer and Mesopotamia around 3300 BCE. The decisive Hesiod canon is the decisive canon of the Bronze Age of the Five Ages of humanity (gold, silver, bronze, heroic, iron) in Hesiod (Hesiod) Works and Days (Works and Days) lines 143-155 around 700 BCE — 'their weapons were of bronze, their houses of bronze, with bronze they worked, for there was no black iron yet'. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of bronze in Pliny the Elder's Natural History Book 34 of the 1st century — the decisive canon of Corinthian bronze (aes Corinthium).

Tin· Sn Key ingredient of bronze

Tin (English Tin, Latin stannum, Greek κασσίτερος kassiteros) is the main component of bronze of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'kassiteros' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the chemical element Sn (stannum) — and the decisive canon of bronze (copper + tin) of 3500-2000 BCE, and the decisive canon as the metal of Jupiter among the seven metals of alchemy. Aliases — Tin (Tin), stannum (stannum, Latin), kassiteros (kassiteros, Greek), plumbum album ('white lead', Pliny), alchemical symbol of Jupiter — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Bronze Age canon is the decisive origin canon of bronze (bronze, 90% copper + 10% tin) of Mesopotamia of c. 3500-2000 BCE, and the decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'plumbum album (white lead)' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 34 verses 156-163 of the 1st century. The decisive Herodotus canon is the decisive canon of the Cassiterides (Cassiterides, Tin Islands) of Herodotus's (Herodotus, 484-425 BCE) Histories Book 3 verse 115 of the 5th century BCE.

Diamond· 金剛石 The hardest gem

Diamond (English Diamond, Greek adamas, Sanskrit Vajra) is the hardest gem of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'adamas (unconquerable)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the cubic crystal of pure carbon (C) — and the decisive canon of Indra's Vajra (Vajra, 'thunderbolt'). Aliases — Diamond (Diamond), Adamas (Adamas), Adamant (Adamant), Vajra (Vajra, Sanskrit), King of Gems — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the Vajra (Vajra, 'thunderbolt of diamond'), the weapon of Indra (Indra, god of thunder), in the Rigveda (Rigveda) of India of c. 1500-1200 BCE. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of adamas (adamas) in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 verses 55-61 of the 1st century. The decisive modern canon is the decisive advertising canon of 'A Diamond is Forever' by De Beers (De Beers) of the USA of 1947.

Ruby· 紅玉 The core of the four cardinal gems

Ruby (English Ruby, Latin rubeus, Greek ánthrax, Sanskrit ratnaraj) is the heart of the four great gems of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'rubeus (red)' and 'rubinus' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the red variety of corundum (Al2O3) (with chromium content) — and the decisive Indian canon of Sanskrit 'ratnaraj (king of gems)'. Aliases — Ruby (Ruby), rubinus (rubinus, Latin), ratnaraj (ratnaraj, Sanskrit), ánthrax (ánthrax, Greek), carbunculus (carbunculus, Latin), king of gems, birthstone of July — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive canon of 'carbunculus is the stone of the light of fire' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 92-95 of the 1st century. The decisive Indian canon is the decisive canon of the king of gems in Sanskrit 'ratnaraj (रत्नराज ratnaraj)'.

Quartz· 水晶 Crystal of light

Quartz (English Quartz, Greek krystallos, Latin crystallus) is the crystal of light of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'krystallos (κρύσταλλος, ice, crystal)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of silicon dioxide (SiO2) — and the decisive canon as the most abundant mineral of the Earth's crust. Aliases — Quartz (Quartz), krystallos (Greek), crystallus (Latin), crystal of light, druid's crystal ball, rock crystal — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive canon of 'quartz is permanently frozen ice (glacies concreta)' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 23-29 of the 1st century. The decisive Theophrastus canon is the decisive canon of quartz in Theophrastus's (Theophrastus) On Stones (Peri Lithōn) of the 4th century BCE.

Emerald· 翠玉 The Emerald Tablet of Hermes

Emerald (English Emerald, Latin smaragdus, Greek smáragdos, Sanskrit marakata) is the gem of Hermes's tablet of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'smáragdos (σμάραγδος, green gem)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) with chromium (Cr) or vanadium (V) content as the green variety. Aliases — Emerald (Emerald), smaragdus (smaragdus, Latin), marakata (marakata, Sanskrit), tablet of Hermes, gem of Hermes, birthstone of May — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'no color is more pleasing than the emerald' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 62-75 of the 1st century. The decisive Cleopatra canon is the decisive canon of Cleopatra's mines at Sikait in Egypt of the 1st century BCE. The decisive Tabula canon is the decisive canon of the Tabula Smaragdina (Tabula Smaragdina) of Hermes Trismegistus of the 8th-12th centuries.

Jade· 玉 Sacred stone of East Asia

Jade (English Jade, Spanish piedra de la ijada) is the sacred stone of East Asia and Mesoamerica of the decisive canon — derived from Spanish 'piedra de la ijada (stone of the loins)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the collective term for two minerals as established by the decisive 1863 classification of French mineralogist Alexis Damour (Alexis Damour, 1808-1902): jadeite (NaAlSi2O6) and nephrite (Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2). Aliases — Jade (Jade), piedra de la ijada ('stone of the kidney'), jadeite, nephrite, Imperial Jade, chalchihuitl (Aztec), pounamu (Maori) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive origin canon is the decisive canon of the jade bi (disc) and jade cong (tube) of the Hemudu culture and Liangzhu culture (3300-2300 BCE) of China of c. 6000-5000 BCE — the decisive canon of over 8000 years of jade use in China. The decisive Confucian canon is the decisive canon of the 'five virtues of jade' (benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, purity) in Confucius's Book of Songs and Book of Rites of the 6th century BCE.

Opal· 蛋白石 Gem of the rainbow

Opal (English Opal, Latin opalus, Greek opallios, Sanskrit upala) is the gem of the rainbow of the decisive canon — derived from Sanskrit 'upala (gem, stone)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O) — and the decisive canon of 'the stone containing the colors of all gems' in Pliny the Elder's Natural History Book 37 chapters 80-84 of the 1st century. Aliases — Opal (Opal), opalus (opalus), upala (upala), gem of the rainbow, queen of gems, birthstone of October — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'opalus contains the fire of ruby, the green of emerald, the purple of amethyst, and the blue of sapphire, all in one stone' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 80-84 of the 1st century. The decisive Australian Aboriginal canon is the decisive canon of the Rainbow Serpent myth of the Australian Aboriginals (Aboriginal Australian) of over 60,000 years.

Moonstone· 月長石 Gem of moonlight

Moonstone (English Moonstone, Latin selenites, Greek selēnítēs, Sanskrit chandrakanta) is the gem of moonlight of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'selēnítēs (σεληνίτης, moonstone, from σελήνη selēnē 'moon' + suffix)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) — and the decisive Indian canon of Sanskrit 'chandrakanta (beloved of the moon)'. Aliases — Moonstone (Moonstone), selēnítēs (Greek), chandrakanta (Sanskrit), gem of moonlight, gem of Chandra, adularia — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive canon of 'selenites is the stone whose light waxes and wanes with the moon' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapter 181 of the 1st century. The decisive Indian canon is the decisive canon of the gem of the moon god Chandra (Chandra) in Sanskrit 'chandrakanta (चन्द्रकान्त chandrakanta)'.

Amber· 琥珀 Tears of the Heliades

Amber (English Amber, Greek ēlektron, Latin succinum) is the gem of the Heliades' tears of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'ēlektron (amber)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of fossilized tree resin (c. 40 million years old) — and the decisive mythological canon of Phaethon's death in Ovid's Metamorphoses Book 2 verses 340-366 of c. 8 CE. Aliases — Amber (Amber), ēlektron (ἤλεκτρον), succinum (succinum, Latin), tears of the Heliades, Baltic gem, etymology of electricity — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive mythological origin canon is the decisive canon of the Roman Ovid's (Ovid, 43 BCE-17 CE) Metamorphoses (Metamorphoses) Book 2 verses 340-366 of c. 8 CE — 'After the death of Phaethon (Phaethon), the son of the sun god Helios, his grieving sisters the Heliades (Heliades) were transformed into poplar trees, and their tears became amber'. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of amber in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 30-51 of the 1st century. The decisive Baltic canon is the decisive canon of Baltic Sea amber of c. 40 million years ago.

Obsidian· 黑曜石 Black glass of the volcano

Obsidian (English Obsidian, Latin obsidianus lapis) is the volcanic black glass of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'Obsius/Obsidius' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of natural glass formed by rapid cooling of volcanic lava — and the decisive canon of the discovery by Obsius in Ethiopia in Pliny the Elder's Natural History Book 36 verses 196-197 of the 1st century. Aliases — Obsidian (Obsidian), obsidianus lapis (obsidianus lapis), volcanic glass, mirror of Tezcatlipoca, dragonglass (fantasy) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the Roman Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 36 verses 196-197 of the 1st century — 'obsidianus is a black stone discovered by Obsius in Ethiopia, used as a mirror'. The decisive Aztec canon is the decisive canon of the ceremonial sword macuahuitl (macuahuitl) of the Aztec of 1325-1521 in Mexico. The decisive Tezcatlipoca canon is the decisive canon of the Aztec god Tezcatlipoca (Tezcatlipoca, 'smoking mirror', the obsidian mirror).

Lapis Lazuli· 靑金石 Sky of Sumer and Egypt

Lapis Lazuli (Latin Lapis Lazuli, Persian lazhuward) is the gem of the heavens of Sumer and Egypt of the decisive canon — derived from Persian 'lazhuward (blue)' via Arabic 'azure' to Latin 'lapis lazuli (blue stone)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the blue-gold metamorphic rock — also the decisive canon of the raw material of the Renaissance Ultramarine, the most expensive pigment. Aliases — Lapis Lazuli (Lapis Lazuli), Ultramarine (Ultramarine, 'beyond the sea'), sapphirus (sapphirus, pre-13th century Latin) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive mining origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the Sar-e-Sang (Sar-e-Sang) mines in Afghanistan of c. 7000 BCE — the decisive canon of being humanity's oldest lapis lazuli mining site, used for over 6000 years. The decisive textual origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the 'mountain of lapis lazuli' in Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh (Epic of Gilgamesh) of Sumer of c. 18th-17th century BCE.

Sulfur· 硫黃 Fire of hell

Sulfur (English Sulfur, Latin sulphur/sulfur, Greek θεῖον theion) is the element of hell's fire of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'theion (θεῖον, divine)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the chemical element S — and the decisive biblical canon of the sulfur of Sodom and Gomorrah in Genesis 19, and the decisive canon as the active element among the three principles of alchemy (sulfur, mercury, salt). Aliases — Sulfur (Sulfur), theion (θεῖον, 'divine'), brimstone (brimstone, 'burning stone'), hell's fire — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive biblical canon is the decisive canon of the sulfur and fire of Sodom (Sodom) and Gomorrah (Gomorrah) in Genesis 19:24, and the decisive apocalyptic canon is the decisive canon of the lake of fire and brimstone (lake of fire and brimstone) of the beast and false prophet in Revelation 19:20. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of sulfur in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 35 verses 174-178 of the 1st century.

Turquoise · 綠松石 — Sky stone of the Aztec and Navajo

Turquoise (English Turquoise, French turquoise) is the sky stone of the Aztec and Navajo of the decisive canon — derived from French 'turquoise (Turkish)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of the Persian gem imported into Europe via the Venetian Turkish trade port in the 13th century — and the decisive mineralogical canon of hydrous copper aluminium phosphate (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O). Aliases — Turquoise (Turquoise), Persian gem, Stone of Hathor (Mistress of Turquoise), chalchihuitl (Aztec, blue stone), doot-l'izhii (Navajo) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive mining origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the Wadi Maghara (Wadi Maghara) mines on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt of c. 5500 BCE — the decisive canon of being humanity's oldest turquoise mine, and the decisive canon of Hathor ('Mistress of Turquoise') of Egypt. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of callais (callais) in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 verses 110-112 of the 1st century.

Philosopher's Stone· 賢者의 石 Ultimate of alchemy

Philosopher's Stone (English Philosopher's Stone, Latin Lapis Philosophorum, Greek chrysopoiía, Arabic al-iksīr) is the ultimate substance of alchemy of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'Lapis Philosophorum (philosopher's stone)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive alchemical canon that transmutes all metals into gold and grants immortality. Aliases — Philosopher's Stone (Philosopher's Stone), Lapis Philosophorum (Latin), al-iksīr (Arabic), elixir, chrysopoiía (Greek), Magnum Opus ('Great Work') — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Zosimos canon is the decisive canon of the Greek Zosimos's (Zosimos of Panopolis) Cheirokmēta of the 4th century. The decisive Flamel canon is the decisive canon of the French Nicolas Flamel (Nicolas Flamel) of the 14th century. The decisive Harry Potter canon is the decisive canon of J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone of 1997.