Gemstone

Amethyst· 紫水晶 Gem of Dionysus

Amethyst (English Amethyst, Greek amethystos, Latin Amethystus) is the gem of Dionysus of the decisive canon — derived from the Greek 'amethystos (a- not + methysko to be drunk)' meaning 'not drunk' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the violet variety of quartz (quartz, SiO2) — also the decisive canon of protection from drunkenness in Greco-Roman tradition. Aliases — Amethyst (Amethyst), Amethystos (Amethystos, Greek), Gem of Dionysus, Gem of Bacchus, Not-Drunk One, Gem of the Papal Ring, Birthstone of February — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive origin canon of Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 verse 121 of the 1st century — 'The name of amethyst comes from the fact that its color approaches that of wine but stops just before turning purple', and the decisive canon of 'protection from drink'.

Pearl· 眞珠 Tears of the sea

Pearl (English Pearl, Greek margaritēs, Latin margarita, Sanskrit muktā) is the gem of the sea's tears of the decisive canon — derived from Sanskrit 'muktā (liberated, gem)' and Greek 'margaritēs' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the calcium carbonate nacre layer of a mollusc — and the decisive canon of being the only organic gem. Aliases — Pearl (Pearl), margarita (margarita, Latin), muktā (muktā, Sanskrit), tears of the sea, queen of gems, birthstone of June — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'pearl is the most valuable of all gems' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 9 chapters 106-123 of the 1st century. The decisive Cleopatra canon is the decisive canon of Cleopatra (Cleopatra) dissolving her pearl earring in vinegar during her wager with Mark Antony in 41 BCE — recorded in Pliny's Natural History Book 9 chapter 121. The decisive Matthew canon is the decisive canon of the 'parable of the pearl' in Matthew 13:45-46.

Gold· Au The radiant metal of myth

Gold (English Gold, Latin aurum, Greek khrysós, Sanskrit hiraṇya) is the metal of the sun of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'aurum (shining dawn)' and Greek 'khrysós (χρυσός, gold)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive metallic canon of element 79 (Au) — and the decisive canon of incorruptible eternity. Aliases — Gold (Gold), aurum (Latin), khrysós (Greek), hiraṇya (Sanskrit), metal of the sun, flesh of the gods, metal of kings — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive Hesiod canon is the decisive canon of the first of the Five Ages of humanity, the Golden Age, in Hesiod's (Hesiod) Works and Days (Works and Days) lines 109-126 of c. 700 BCE. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of gold in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 33 of the 1st century. The decisive Golden Fleece canon is the decisive canon of Apollonius of Rhodes's Argonautica (Argonautica) of the 3rd century BCE.

Carbuncle· 紅榴石 Glowing fantasy gem

Carbuncle (English Carbuncle, Latin carbunculus, Spanish carbunclo) is the gem of luminous fantasy of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'carbunculus (small coal)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of red gems (ruby, garnet, spinel) — and the decisive canon of the mythical beast bearing a gem on its forehead in medieval fantasy literature. Aliases — Carbuncle (Carbuncle), carbunculus (carbunculus, Latin), carbunclo (carbunclo, Spanish), beast of the forehead gem, red stone, fire garnet — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive canon of 'carbunculus is the stone of the light of fire' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 92-95 of the 1st century. The decisive Borges canon is the decisive canon of the carbunclo in Jorge Luis Borges's (Jorge Luis Borges) Book of Imaginary Beings (El libro de los seres imaginarios) of 1957.

Sapphire· 靑玉 Gem of the heavens

Sapphire (English Sapphire, Latin Sapphirus, Hebrew Sappir) is the gem of the heavens of the decisive canon — the decisive canonical iconographic figure of the four cardinal gems (Diamond, Ruby, Emerald, Sapphire) — the decisive mineralogical canon of the blue variety of corundum (corundum, Al2O3) — also the decisive canon of the throne of God in the Bible. Aliases — Sapphire (Sapphire), Sapphirus (Sapphirus, Latin), Sappir (Sappir, Hebrew), Gem of the Heavens, Gem of the Seal of Solomon — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive biblical canon is the decisive origin canon of the pavement of sapphire (sappir) under God's feet seen by Moses on Mount Sinai in Exodus 24:10 of c. 13th century BCE, and the decisive canon of the sapphire among the twelve gems of the high priest's breastplate in 28:18. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of sapphirus (sapphirus) in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 of the 1st century.

Diamond· 金剛石 The hardest gem

Diamond (English Diamond, Greek adamas, Sanskrit Vajra) is the hardest gem of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'adamas (unconquerable)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the cubic crystal of pure carbon (C) — and the decisive canon of Indra's Vajra (Vajra, 'thunderbolt'). Aliases — Diamond (Diamond), Adamas (Adamas), Adamant (Adamant), Vajra (Vajra, Sanskrit), King of Gems — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the Vajra (Vajra, 'thunderbolt of diamond'), the weapon of Indra (Indra, god of thunder), in the Rigveda (Rigveda) of India of c. 1500-1200 BCE. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of adamas (adamas) in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 verses 55-61 of the 1st century. The decisive modern canon is the decisive advertising canon of 'A Diamond is Forever' by De Beers (De Beers) of the USA of 1947.

Ruby· 紅玉 The core of the four cardinal gems

Ruby (English Ruby, Latin rubeus, Greek ánthrax, Sanskrit ratnaraj) is the heart of the four great gems of the decisive canon — derived from Latin 'rubeus (red)' and 'rubinus' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the red variety of corundum (Al2O3) (with chromium content) — and the decisive Indian canon of Sanskrit 'ratnaraj (king of gems)'. Aliases — Ruby (Ruby), rubinus (rubinus, Latin), ratnaraj (ratnaraj, Sanskrit), ánthrax (ánthrax, Greek), carbunculus (carbunculus, Latin), king of gems, birthstone of July — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive canon of 'carbunculus is the stone of the light of fire' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 92-95 of the 1st century. The decisive Indian canon is the decisive canon of the king of gems in Sanskrit 'ratnaraj (रत्नराज ratnaraj)'.

Emerald· 翠玉 The Emerald Tablet of Hermes

Emerald (English Emerald, Latin smaragdus, Greek smáragdos, Sanskrit marakata) is the gem of Hermes's tablet of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'smáragdos (σμάραγδος, green gem)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of beryl (Be3Al2Si6O18) with chromium (Cr) or vanadium (V) content as the green variety. Aliases — Emerald (Emerald), smaragdus (smaragdus, Latin), marakata (marakata, Sanskrit), tablet of Hermes, gem of Hermes, birthstone of May — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'no color is more pleasing than the emerald' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 62-75 of the 1st century. The decisive Cleopatra canon is the decisive canon of Cleopatra's mines at Sikait in Egypt of the 1st century BCE. The decisive Tabula canon is the decisive canon of the Tabula Smaragdina (Tabula Smaragdina) of Hermes Trismegistus of the 8th-12th centuries.

Jade· 玉 Sacred stone of East Asia

Jade (English Jade, Spanish piedra de la ijada) is the sacred stone of East Asia and Mesoamerica of the decisive canon — derived from Spanish 'piedra de la ijada (stone of the loins)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the collective term for two minerals as established by the decisive 1863 classification of French mineralogist Alexis Damour (Alexis Damour, 1808-1902): jadeite (NaAlSi2O6) and nephrite (Ca2Mg5Si8O22(OH)2). Aliases — Jade (Jade), piedra de la ijada ('stone of the kidney'), jadeite, nephrite, Imperial Jade, chalchihuitl (Aztec), pounamu (Maori) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive origin canon is the decisive canon of the jade bi (disc) and jade cong (tube) of the Hemudu culture and Liangzhu culture (3300-2300 BCE) of China of c. 6000-5000 BCE — the decisive canon of over 8000 years of jade use in China. The decisive Confucian canon is the decisive canon of the 'five virtues of jade' (benevolence, righteousness, wisdom, courage, purity) in Confucius's Book of Songs and Book of Rites of the 6th century BCE.

Opal· 蛋白石 Gem of the rainbow

Opal (English Opal, Latin opalus, Greek opallios, Sanskrit upala) is the gem of the rainbow of the decisive canon — derived from Sanskrit 'upala (gem, stone)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of hydrated silica (SiO2·nH2O) — and the decisive canon of 'the stone containing the colors of all gems' in Pliny the Elder's Natural History Book 37 chapters 80-84 of the 1st century. Aliases — Opal (Opal), opalus (opalus), upala (upala), gem of the rainbow, queen of gems, birthstone of October — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of 'opalus contains the fire of ruby, the green of emerald, the purple of amethyst, and the blue of sapphire, all in one stone' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 80-84 of the 1st century. The decisive Australian Aboriginal canon is the decisive canon of the Rainbow Serpent myth of the Australian Aboriginals (Aboriginal Australian) of over 60,000 years.

Moonstone· 月長石 Gem of moonlight

Moonstone (English Moonstone, Latin selenites, Greek selēnítēs, Sanskrit chandrakanta) is the gem of moonlight of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'selēnítēs (σεληνίτης, moonstone, from σελήνη selēnē 'moon' + suffix)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of potassium feldspar (KAlSi3O8) — and the decisive Indian canon of Sanskrit 'chandrakanta (beloved of the moon)'. Aliases — Moonstone (Moonstone), selēnítēs (Greek), chandrakanta (Sanskrit), gem of moonlight, gem of Chandra, adularia — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive natural history origin canon is the decisive canon of 'selenites is the stone whose light waxes and wanes with the moon' in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapter 181 of the 1st century. The decisive Indian canon is the decisive canon of the gem of the moon god Chandra (Chandra) in Sanskrit 'chandrakanta (चन्द्रकान्त chandrakanta)'.

Amber· 琥珀 Tears of the Heliades

Amber (English Amber, Greek ēlektron, Latin succinum) is the gem of the Heliades' tears of the decisive canon — derived from Greek 'ēlektron (amber)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of fossilized tree resin (c. 40 million years old) — and the decisive mythological canon of Phaethon's death in Ovid's Metamorphoses Book 2 verses 340-366 of c. 8 CE. Aliases — Amber (Amber), ēlektron (ἤλεκτρον), succinum (succinum, Latin), tears of the Heliades, Baltic gem, etymology of electricity — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive mythological origin canon is the decisive canon of the Roman Ovid's (Ovid, 43 BCE-17 CE) Metamorphoses (Metamorphoses) Book 2 verses 340-366 of c. 8 CE — 'After the death of Phaethon (Phaethon), the son of the sun god Helios, his grieving sisters the Heliades (Heliades) were transformed into poplar trees, and their tears became amber'. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of amber in Pliny the Elder's (Pliny the Elder, 23-79) Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 chapters 30-51 of the 1st century. The decisive Baltic canon is the decisive canon of Baltic Sea amber of c. 40 million years ago.

Lapis Lazuli· 靑金石 Sky of Sumer and Egypt

Lapis Lazuli (Latin Lapis Lazuli, Persian lazhuward) is the gem of the heavens of Sumer and Egypt of the decisive canon — derived from Persian 'lazhuward (blue)' via Arabic 'azure' to Latin 'lapis lazuli (blue stone)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive mineralogical canon of the blue-gold metamorphic rock — also the decisive canon of the raw material of the Renaissance Ultramarine, the most expensive pigment. Aliases — Lapis Lazuli (Lapis Lazuli), Ultramarine (Ultramarine, 'beyond the sea'), sapphirus (sapphirus, pre-13th century Latin) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive mining origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the Sar-e-Sang (Sar-e-Sang) mines in Afghanistan of c. 7000 BCE — the decisive canon of being humanity's oldest lapis lazuli mining site, used for over 6000 years. The decisive textual origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the 'mountain of lapis lazuli' in Tablet XI of the Epic of Gilgamesh (Epic of Gilgamesh) of Sumer of c. 18th-17th century BCE.

Turquoise · 綠松石 — Sky stone of the Aztec and Navajo

Turquoise (English Turquoise, French turquoise) is the sky stone of the Aztec and Navajo of the decisive canon — derived from French 'turquoise (Turkish)' — the decisive canonical vocabulary — the decisive canon of the Persian gem imported into Europe via the Venetian Turkish trade port in the 13th century — and the decisive mineralogical canon of hydrous copper aluminium phosphate (CuAl6(PO4)4(OH)8·4H2O). Aliases — Turquoise (Turquoise), Persian gem, Stone of Hathor (Mistress of Turquoise), chalchihuitl (Aztec, blue stone), doot-l'izhii (Navajo) — are the decisive canonical vocabulary. The decisive mining origin canon is the decisive origin canon of the Wadi Maghara (Wadi Maghara) mines on the Sinai Peninsula of Egypt of c. 5500 BCE — the decisive canon of being humanity's oldest turquoise mine, and the decisive canon of Hathor ('Mistress of Turquoise') of Egypt. The decisive natural history canon is the decisive canon of callais (callais) in Pliny the Elder's Natural History (Naturalis Historia) Book 37 verses 110-112 of the 1st century.